sere definition military

In almost all military survival situations someone knows you're missing and will be looking for you with advanced equipment and pre-established protocols. That level of training was specified for soldiers whose "assignment has a high risk of capture and whose position, rank, or seniority make them vulnerable to greater than average exploitation efforts by a captor".[11]. SERE instructors use "role-playing" exercises to allow students to experience simulated abuse, stress, and exploitation as might be expected if captured. When questioned, should I become a prisoner of war, I am required to give. JPRA is not SERE and many of its resistance training instructors are not SERE instructors (they are from the Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency). The major "specialized schools" and courses for Army SERE training include: The USN Center for Security Forces (CENSECFOR) of the Naval Education and Training Command (NETC) at Joint Expeditionary Base Little Creek–Fort Story promulgates the Navy's SERE training. Water (ocean, river, littoral) Survival: Military personnel are much more likely to find themselves in a water survival situation than others. At the USAF "Survival School" (Stead AFB), the concepts of evasion, resistance, and escape were expanded and new curricula were developed as "Code of Conduct Training". Later, the course was expanded so that other Navy and Marine Corps troops, such as SEALs, SWCC, EOD, RECON / MARSOC, and Navy Combat Medics would attend. I will accept neither parole nor special favors from the enemy. Jungle/Tropics Survival: Staying alive in the jungle is relatively easy, but doing so comfortably can be very difficult. SERE training detachments (usually, USAF) often work with different branches, especially where bases have been combined as "Joint Bases" and for update/review training. → Definition and anagrams of SERE → Other senses and detailed information on the Wiktionnary If I am captured, I will continue to resist by all means available. But, with the growing importance of personnel recovery (PR), the United States Department of Defense ("DoD") established the Joint Services Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) Agency (JSSA) in 1991 and designated it the DoD EA for DoD Prisoner of War / Missing in Action (POW / MIA) matters. If in command, I will never surrender the members of my command while they still have the means to resist. As a result, the United States initiated their own Evasion and Escape organization, known as MIS-X, based at Fort Hunt, Virginia. Definition; SERE: Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (US military training) SERE: Societal-Environmental Research and Education Laboratory: SERE: Sugar Extended Regular Expression: SERE: Serotype Enteritidis Repeat Element Acronym Finder, All Rights Reserved. [90] (A soldier's claim that this was an "unlawful order" would be a difficult defense because the legal definition of torture - "intended to inflict severe physical or mental pain or suffering" - is less than resolved. In 1976, following accusations and reports of abuses during Navy SERE training, DoD established a committee (i.e., "Defense Review Committee") to examine the need for changes in Code of Conduct training and after hearing from experts and former POWs, they recommended the standardization of SERE training among all branches of the military and the expansion of SERE to include "lessons learned from previous US Prisoner of War experiences" (intending to make the training more "realistic and useful"). Sere: marked by little or no precipitation or humidity. [104], Over the six years following their hiring by friends at the CIA (Kirk Hubbard), Mitchell, Jessen & Associates would hire over 100 staff, bill the CIA for over $80,000,000, and lead the American military (and other parts of the government) into perhaps their greatest PR (public relations) fiasco. When Stead AFB closed in 1966, the USAF "survival school" was moved to Fairchild Air Force Base in Washington State (where it is centered today). All U.S. military branches have some type of cold/winter/mountain survival training originating from hard-learned lessons during the Korean War (see above and below). MI9 went on to devise a multitude of evasion and escape tools: overt items to aid immediate evasion after bailing out and covert items for use to aid escape following capture that were hidden within uniforms and personal items (concealed compasses, silk and tissue maps, etc.). Conversely, military personnel are subject to a much wider variety of likely scenarios as any given mission may expose them to a wide variety of risks, environments, and injuries. Perhaps it is the scant, delicate detail revealing finer lines, which thus turns corners of Tuscany into an imaginary Hellas. 83-122 (A history of U.S. PR) at, FM 7-21.13 ("The Soldier's Guide"), p. 5-2, The release of a previously classified "PREAL" training guide provides detailed information-, See "Evasion", pp. See also: Report of the Office of the Inspector General (OIG): "Review of DoD-Directed Investigations of Detainee Abuse" (2006) at, In sworn depositions, Mitchell states unequivocally and repeatedly that he didn't "design" or "develop" the North Korean/Chinese/Vietnamese techniques that he sold to the CIA (which became the basis for the ", "It is both illegal and deeply unethical to use techniques that profoundly disrupt someone’s personality" Leonard S. Rubenstein, the executive director of Physicians for Human Rights from, Defence Survive, Evade, Resist, Extract Training Organisation, Naval Special Warfare Cold Weather Detachment Kodiak, John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, Joint Expeditionary Base Little Creek–Fort Story, Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency, United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, 2003 United States Air Force Academy sexual assault scandal, "Escape Master of WWII - Brigadier Norman Crockatt", "Teaching America's WWII Navy Fighter Pilots to Swim", "Commentary - The military Code of Conduct: a brief history", "US Navy Phase 1 Basic Military Training, aka US Navy Boot Camp", "Why Jungle Warfare School was called a 'Green Hell, "NVN: REVIEW OF THE CODE OF CONDUCT/Committee Recommends Changes in the PW Code of Conduct Based on Experiences of U.S. Servicemen Imprisoned in North Vietnam", "SERE Specialists Working to Expand Their Ranks, Improve Recruitment", "Inside Air Force SERE Specialist Training, America's Toughest Survival School", "Department of Defense Executive Agent Responsibilities of the Secretary of the Army", https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/ASPJ/journals/Volume-26_Issue-6/F-Pera-Miller-Whitcomb.pdf, "US Air Force SERE Specialist Selection & Training", "SERE: Water survival - preparing Airmen for the sea > Fairchild Air Force Base > Display", "Preparing the best for the worst: SERE trains aircrews", "Soldiers train for jungle warfare at Hawaii rainforest", "What It's Like to Go Through Marine Corps SERE Training", "Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center > About > History", "Survival - FIRECRAFT - Chapter 7 - Page 1", "9 Improvised Survival Items That Could Save Your Life", https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/338917-pre-academic-laboratory-preal-operating.html, https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp3_50.pdf, "Navy Legend Vice Adm. Stockdale Led POW Resistance | The Sextant", Code of Conduct, Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) Training, https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/GC_1949-III.pdf, "SURVIVING TORTURE | Philadelphia Inquirer | 06/07/2009", "This Medal of Honor Recipient Was Executed for Singing "God Bless America, "Navy Legend Vice Adm. Stockdale Led POW Resistance", "What I've Learned Since College: An interview with R. Dale Storr :: Fall 2006 :: Washington State Magazine", "What It's Like At The Training Camp Where US Troops Learn To Survive If They Are Captured", "Army Regulation 350–30: "Training Code of Conduct, Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE), "SERE training develops leaders for complex environment", "Army Air Forces Survival on Land, at Sea", "[How much water is lost during breathing? In the AETC, the 336TH Training Group at Fairchild AFB, Washington has the mission to "provide high risk of isolation personnel with the skills and confidence to "RETURN WITH HONOR" regardless of the circumstances of isolation. The origins of what is now called SERE are rooted in the leadership of Britain's MI9 Evasion and Escape ("E&E") organization, formed at the onset of World War II (1939–1945). He refused, but his decision was overruled. This is an obligation that only rigorous and realistic training, conducted to standard, can fulfill. Air Force's SERE instructors play key roles in DoD-wide training and in implementing other branch SERE training programs (both the Navy and Army send their SERE instructors to take the basic 9-day SERE course (SV-80-A) taught by the 22nd TS (the other branches have no career option for SERE). While it was accepted that the Code of Conduct would be taught to all US soldiers at the earliest point of their military training, the Air Force knew much more would be needed. Resistance, and Escape (SERE) Training: Preparing Military Members for the Demands of Captivity", by Anthony P. Duran, Gary Hoyt, and Charles A. Morgan III, in Military Psychology: Clinical and Operational Applicalions, edited by Carrie H. Kennedy and Eric A. Zillmer, Guilford (2006), Interview of Malcom Nance, Chief of Training US Navy SERE, House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces, House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces, Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Survival,_Evasion,_Resistance_and_Escape&oldid=995097230, Military education and training in the United States, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [101] For example, "waterboarding" (probably the most controversial of the "enhanced interrogation techniques" proposed by Jessen and Mitchell) has never been used in resistance training as part of Air Force SERE training and therefore, neither psychologist had any experience with it. [6] The Marine Corps opened their Pickel Meadow camp (initially established by Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton) in 1951 where Marines would be trained in outdoor survival and, later, as the Mountain Warfare Training Center (MCMWTC) Bridgeport, California, in Level A SERE (as below). Because the JPRA has "primary responsibility for DoD-wide personnel recovery matters,"[17] (which specifically includes Level C SERE training), it integrates, coordinates, mandates, and draws from all military branches as needed. ", Claims of psychological and/or physical harm from resistance training: It has been suggested that training exercises during SERE courses are harsh enough to cause students to become "psychologically defeated" and impaired in the ability to develop "psychological hardiness. Further, upon completion of the approved training program, you can wear the SERE Specialist Arch, the SERE Beret and the AETC Instructor badge. Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties, U.S. Government Printing Office, 2008, "Special Operations Forces Reference Manual", Fourth Edition, The JSOU Press, MacDill AFB, Florida, June 2015 at. The Code of Conduct is a _____ for military members when isolated or held against their will by entities hostile to the U.S. K-1 et seq. in JP 3-50 at, See "Lessons from the Hanoi Hilton: Six Characteristics of High Performance Teams" by Peter Fretwell, Taylor B. Kiland, Naval Institute Press (2013), AFM 64-3 "Survival Training Edition"(1977); NAVAER 00-80T-56, "SURVIVALTRAINING GUIDE" (1955). This handbook is designed to provide SERE students with information to review during the basic SERE … In the mid-80s, the USAF Combat "Desert" Survival Course was established by the 3636th Combat Crew Training Wing and USAF Survival Training Schools began emphasizing "Combat SERE Training" (CST) instead of "Global SERE Training". [19], The first USAF "survival instructors" were experienced civilian wilderness volunteers and USAF personnel with prior instructor experience (and they included a small cadre of "USAF Rescuemen" United States Air Force Pararescue). Adj. When the Army Air Force formed the Air Rescue Service (ARS) in 1946, the 5th Rescue Squadron conducted the first Pararescue and Survival School at MacDill Air Force Base in Florida MacDill Air Force Base. That curricula have remained the foundation of modern SERE training throughout the U.S. military. They then had to complete six months of On-the-Job Training ("OJT") training before they were qualified to teach SERE (aka "Combat Survival Training" or "CST"). SERE Motors are Northern Ireland’s premier car supermarket. Special Operations Training Course (SOTC) is taught at the Marine Raider Training Center (MRTC) at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina in four phases under the general title Individual Training Course (ITC). Mitchell, Jessen & Associates developed a "menu" of 20 potential enhanced techniques including waterboarding, sleep deprivation and stress positions. [32] For American soldiers, this begins with the Code of the United States Fighting Force. PSP, HIPAA :-) As it stands, I have no idea what you are talking about. Saving calories, burning calories, and finding calories. Personnel Recovery (PR) is the sum of military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel." When 60 Minutes aired pictures from Abu Ghraib in May 2004, the shock was "heard around the world". Rank Abbr. He was quoted as saying "When presented with the choice of getting smarter or getting tougher, we chose the latter. DoD expects DoD civilian personnel to communicate and organize with the community of fellow U.S. Government and allied captives. "Every soldier, regardless of rank, position, and MOS must be able to shoot, move, communicate, and survive in order to contribute to the team and survive in combat." Congress. 1384 (D. Colo. 1996)", "The US Military's Forgotten Sex-Abuse Scandal That Foretold CIA Torture in the War on Terror", "Air Force To Tone Down Training Role Playing To Resist Sexual Abuse Went Too Far, Cadets Charge | The Spokesman-Review", "The Military Banned Waterboarding Trainees Because It Was Too Brutal — And Never Announced It", "Internal Memo Exposes Yoo and Rove Lies on Safety of Waterboarding", https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/pdf/JPRA-Memo_042409.pdf, "The military should close its torture school. The Army position statement on SERE training is clear: "The Army has an obligation to the American people to ensure its soldiers go into battle with the assurance of success and survival. While initially only four military bases (Fairchild AFB, SERE), Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Naval Air Station North Island, and Camp Mackall (at Fort Bragg) were officially authorized to conduct Level C training, other bases have been added (such as Fort Rucker). SERE taught me a big lesson in sacking up, and I can say without any hesitation that it was, in fact, the most important school the Navy ever sent me to. How to survive in water is taught at Navy Recruit Training, Navy SUBSCOL Submarine Escape Training, the Air Force Water Survival Course and at a separate SoF Special Forces Professional Military Education (PME) courses. One such club was the "Late Arrivals' Club". SERE, Survival, Evasion, Resistance to Interrogation and Escape. → Definition and anagrams of SERE→ Other senses and detailed information on the Wiktionnary NASA, Welcome to the United States Air Force. Miscellaneous » Unclassified. Military SERE abbreviation meaning defined here. The North Koreans were very interested in the propaganda value of their American captives and their new methods (with those of the Chinese) for gaining compliance, extracting confessions, and gathering information proved unnervingly successful against American soldiers. The required (every 3 years) Level C refresher course is commonly taught by USAF "detachments" (often just one SERE specialist/instructor) stationed at a base or a traveling specialist who travels where requested. Featured in such courses are topics and exercises such as:[46]. The Korean War showed that traditional notions about captives during wartime were no longer valid – the North Koreans (with Chinese backing) simply ignored the Geneva Conventions regarding treatment of POWs and showed that captured American soldiers were not prepared for what they faced. Today, SERE is taught to a wide variety of personnel in three categories based upon risk of capture and exploitation value with high emphasis on aircrew, special operations, and foreign diplomatic and intelligence personnel. With the move to Stead AFB and the opening of a full-time survival school, the USAF initiated the military's only full-time, career survival instructor program (with the Air Force Specialty Code "921"). Information and translations of SERE in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on … SERE is an excellent course that each of the services has tailored to meet the needs of their particular mission. Rate it: SERE: Sugar Extended Regular Expression. Because the Army views a large portion of its training as "survival" related and since the Army has more soldiers[61] than the other branches, there are many modes and schools for survival and SERE training (as indicated above and below). Individual bases may conduct SERE courses which include C-level elements (see "Schools" below). Cold Weather Environmental Survival Training (CWEST) at Rangeley, Maine - the US Navy's only cold weather survival school. [79] The primary Air Force survival schools/courses are: "Preserving the lives and well-being of U.S. military, Department of Defense (DoD) civilians, and DoD contractors authorized to accompany the force (CAAF) who are in danger of becoming, or already are beleaguered, besieged, captured, detained, interned, or, otherwise missing or evading capture (hereafter referred to as "isolated") while participating in U.S.-sponsored activities or missions, is one of the highest priorities of the DoD. [12][13][14] See USAF "Survival Instructors", below. In 1994 the JSSA was designated as the central organizer and implementer for PR and the USAF as the EA for Joint Combat Search and Rescue (JCSAR) Combat search and rescue. There has also been growth in private sector SERE Schools and training (which are not relevant herein). Dozens of cadets at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point were caught cheating on a calculus final exam in May after they all made the same errors on the test, according to officials. The Code of Conduct is a _____ for military members when isolated or held against their will by entities hostile to the U.S. For my crime of earning a Naval Flight Officer’s Wings of Gold and being selected for training as an F-14 Tomcat radar intercept officer (like “Goose” in the movie “Top Gun”) I was sent to the Navy’s Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape – SERE … Subsequently, a second school was opened at Naval Air Station North Island. The curriculum includes survival skills, evading capture, application of the military code of conduct, and methods and techniques for escape from captivity. Boiled down to its simplest sense, SERE specialists teach the various levels of SERE courses to those requiring such training (typically pilots, navigators, aircrew, and special operations Airmen). Marine Spec Ops often train with Navy Spec Ops and utilize Navy training when it fits their needs and there is no equivalent USMC course. Underwater escape from vessel/vehicle (from submarines to aircraft), Aquatic environment first aid (seasickness, immersion injuries, animal injuries), Food and water procurement and preparation, Snow/Ice/Cold Issues: snow blindness, avalanches/ice fall, icebergs, wind chill, Why an igloo or snow cave is far better than a tent. [18] JPRA and the PRA now coordinate PR activities and train PR/SERE globally with American allies making extensive use of USAF SERE experts. [89] To soldiers who are legally required to follow the directives of their Commander-in-Chief, this not only excused harsh techniques, it made them essentially mandatory. [105] Americans (for the most part) began hearing of "SERE" for the first time and still hear it today as more and more information about American torture becomes known. Principle I. DoD expects DoD civilian personnel to avoid isolation events; if unable to avoid isolation, to return to friendly control with honor. This is especially true for "resistance" training where one hopes to prepare those who might be captured for hardship, stress, abuse, torture, interrogation, indoctrination, and exploitation.[31]. SERE specialists normally operate in the field of personnel recovery, supporting tasks such as location, reporting, supporting, recovering and reintegrating. SERE: Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (US military training) SERE: Societal-Environmental Research and Education Laboratory: SERE: Sugar Extended Regular Expression: SERE: Serotype Enteritidis Repeat Element You should limit your communication with the captor to which of the following? Soon, the training was expanded to include submerged aircraft escape.[2]. [21] SERE Specialists who work in the "dunker" portion of the water survival course at Fairchild are certified through the Navy Salvage Dive Course. As a result, the U.S. military expanded SERE programs and training sites. This 19-day course mixes classroom, field, and "laboratory" (captive simulation) experiences to prepare students to "Return with Honor". SERE is an excellent course that each of the services has tailored to meet the needs of their particular mission. The Jungle Operations Training Course (JOTC) at. Quick definitions from WordNet ( sere) adjective: (used especially of vegetation) having lost all moisture ( "The desert was edged with sere vegetation") Also see seres. The course is the "standard" for Level C Code of Conduct training and is offered broadly beyond the Air Force. [50] Because the unifying feature of all deserts is a lack of water, that is the focus for desert survival: 4. Led by World War I veteran Colonel (later Brigadier) Norman Crockatt,[1] MI9 were formed to train air crew and Special Forces in evading enemy troops following bail out, forced landings, or becoming cut off behind enemy lines. SERE is one of the most intense combat readiness courses of the United States Armed Forces. (Note: Col. Kleinman was NOT a SERE officer, he was an "ISR" Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency officer). The vast majority of SERE/Survival Schools mentioned in "History" above are still operating. I know because I graduated from it", https://www.socom.mil/JSOU/JSOUPublications/2015SOFRefManual_final_cc.pdf, "Training Success for U.S. Air Force Special Operations and Combat Support Specialties: An Analysis of Recruiting, Screening, and Development Processes" by Maria C. Lytell, Sean Robson, David Schulker, Tracy C. McCausland, Miriam Matthews, Louis T. Mariano, Albert A. Robbert, RAND Corporation (2018), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AERMhn1me_8, Airmen Against the Sea: An Analysis of Sea Survival Experiences" by George Albert Llano (1956) Free Google Book, Survival, Evasion, and Recovery – Multiservice Procedures for Survival, Evasion, and Recovery FM 21-76-1, Army Regulation for Code of Conduct/ SERE Training, Air Force Policy Directive (AFPD) 16-13 - SERE, Instruction implementing Air Force Policy Directive 16-13 - SERE, "Survival, Evasion. In the ten-week Phase I portion, Marines learn basic Spec Ops skills including SERE (Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape), TCCC (Tactical Combat Casualty Care), fire support training and communications. This strictly non-military club had a "Flying Boot" as its identifying symbol which was worn under the left collar of their uniform. What does SERE stand for in Military? Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (US military training) showing only Military and Government definitions ( show all 4 definitions) Note: We have 7 other definitions for SERE in our Acronym Attic. Col. Steven Kleinman, a top intelligence officer at Fairchild AFB who was named the director of intelligence for JPRA in 2004, calls the "mistaking of role-playing resistance training as a basis for actual interrogations" a "critical disconnect" in the misinformation Jessen and Mitchell were "selling" to the CIA. While this means that such instructors must know how real interrogations might be conducted, their RT training focuses on effective role-playing in a VERY tightly controlled environment. [94] The article also stated that physical and mental techniques used against some detainees at Abu Ghraib are similar to the ones SERE students are taught to resist. Naval Special Warfare (NSW) SERE (K-431-0400), Naval Aviation Survival Training Centers: The Navy operates eight water survival training centers for its aviators (Miramar, Jacksonville, Norfolk, Cherry Point, Pensacola, Patuxent River, Lemorre, and Whidbey Island). "[95][96], On June 17, 2008, Mark Mazzetti of The New York Times reported that the senior Pentagon lawyer Mark Schiffrin requested information in 2002 from the leaders of the Air Force's captivity-resistance program, referring to one based in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. SERE 100.2 Level A Pre Test Answers Flashcard Example #60811. SV-81-A - the U.S. military's only career SERE Specialist Course is offered by the 66th TS at the Air Force Survival School at, Combat Survival Training (CST) taught by the 22nd TS at the, Full Spectrum SERE Training taught by the MARSOC Personnel Recovery (PR)/ SERE Branch at. In 1952, the United States Department of Defense (DoD) designated the United States Air Force (USAF) as executive agent (EA, as below) for joint escape and evasion. As with the other branches, the Air Force offers a wide scope of survival training within other courses, but unique to the Air Force is the stationing of career SERE specialists at bases around the world as renewal and upgrade SERE instructors, advisors, and PR specialists. The U.S. Marine Corps operates jointly with the Navy and cooperatively with the other branches[84] in much of its SERE training, but operates its own Level C course at the Full Spectrum SERE Course, U.S. Marines Special Operations School (MSOS), Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Currently, USAF SERE specialist/instructor training is conducted under the 66th Training Squadron at Fairchild AFB. [24] The U.S. Army has long taken survival training as an integral part of combat readiness (per FM 7-21.13 "The Soldier's Guide" and FM 5-103 "Survivability") and combat training is largely about an individual soldier's survival as opposed to the enemy's non-survival. SERE: Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape. The SERE community is about TRAINING and, within SERE, "Resistance" is about teaching others methods and techniques to help them deal with captivity and avoid exploitation. Survival Evasion Resistance Escape. Definition (adj) (used especially of vegetation) having lost all moisture Synonyms: dried-up, sear, shriveled, shrivelled, withered. The charter of the committee was to find a suitable approach for preparing our armed forces to deal with the combat and captivity environment.[3]. SERE: Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (US military training) SERE: Societal-Environmental Research and Education Laboratory: SERE: Sugar Extended Regular Expression: SERE: Serotype Enteritidis Repeat Element I will trust in my God and in the United States of America. Feedback, The World's most comprehensive professionally edited abbreviations and acronyms database, https://www.acronymfinder.com/Military-and-Government/SERE.html, Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (US military training). Start studying SERE 100.2 Military Pre-Test Flashcard Study. Rate it: SERE: Survive Evade Resist Escape. It is: Training on how to survive and resist an enemy in the event of capture is generally based on past experiences of captives and prisoners of war. If I am senior I will take command. What does SERE stand for in WAR? sere. 2. Military survival often involves exposure to an enemy. Military survival schools also teach unique skills such as parachute landings, basic and specialized signaling, vectoring a helicopter, use of rescue devices (forest-tree penetrators, harnesses, etc. Military survival training has greater focus on specialized military survival equipment, survival kits, signaling, rescue techniques, and recovery methods. NASTC "provides and meets the aviation survival and safety requirements of all Naval Aviation and DoD activities. When Col. Kleinman was ordered by the commander of JPRA to teach non-SERE soldiers the techniques that were used by role-playing "interrogators" in resistance training at SERE schools, he refused. Interrogation is something captives should expect and SERE instructors role-play as interrogators. Military personnel are almost always better prepared for survival situations because of obvious inherent risk in their activities (and their training and equipment). 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